Fuente: WIPO "tomato" A method for training a machine learning model to automatically recommend substitute grocery products for a grocery product selected by a user is provided. The method includes generating a hierarchical structure defining a relationship between each of a plurality of different grocery products based, at least in part, on one or more of a plurality of different attributes associated with each of the grocery products. The method includes generating training data based on the hierarchical structure, the training data comprising, for each respective grocery product included in a subset of the plurality of different grocery products, a list of candidate substitute grocery products ranked from most substitutable to least substitutable. The method includes training the machine learning model using the training data.