Fuente: PubMed "Cannabis" J Dual Diagn. 2026 Jul 10:1-12. doi: 10.1080/15504263.2026.2686088. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTObjective: The World Health Organization describes neurodevelopmental disorders as behavioral and cognitive disorders that occur during a baby's developmental period: these include autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) amongst others. The original aim of this study was to provide estimates of the prevalence of ADHD and ASD by sex and by substance used amongst people who engage with services for drug and alcohol use. This study ultimately focused on people who use substances, are attending treatment and support services and have ADHD symptoms. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted within acute hospitals, community and prison healthcare settings. All participants were adults over the age of 18. Measurements included a diagnosis of ADHD or ASD, defined as having used a suitable tool to diagnose in childhood including a current adult assessment or diagnosis. Results: A total of 84 studies and 99 estimates were included forming a combined sample of 34,036 individuals. A prevalence rate of 22%, 95% CI [19, 25] was found. A significant heterogeneity in studies was detected. Only one paper reported on ASD and a meta-analysis of the prevalence of ASD was not feasible. The highest ADHD prevalence rates were found amongst people using cannabis 33%, 95% CI [28, 39]. This was significantly higher than the overall prevalence rate. The same rate of 33%, 95% CI [23, 44%] was found among women using benzodiazepines. The highest rate amongst males was also found amongst those using benzodiazepines 31%, 95% CI [23, 44%]. The lowest prevalence rate at 5%, 95% CI [1, 11] was found among women using cocaine and this was also significant. Rates amongst those using opioids was 27%, 95% CI [20, 36] for women and 24%, 95% CI [19, 30] for men. These estimates had low or moderate heterogeneity. Conclusions: Rates of ADHD can vary greatly between sex and choice of substance used. It is essential that the international consensus documents on treatment for, and training in ADHD symptom management are implemented to ensure an evidence informed approach to service delivery.PMID:42429286 | DOI:10.1080/15504263.2026.2686088