Fuente: Ultrasounds Extraction Byproducts The capacity of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) to synthesize and deposit an extraordinarily elevated amount of sucrose is widely recognized and appreciated. The four primary byproducts of the sugarcane business are cane tops, bagasse fiber, filter mud, and the molasses that remain after the plant is crushed. Noble high-yielding canes have been developed through breeding techniques and intergeneric hybridization. Natural fiber is frequently utilized in construction. Bagasse and straw, which are primarily produced as waste during sugarcane processing for ethanol and sugar production must be properly disposed of and recycled using the waste fiber from sugarcane Natural materials are extremely valuable in construction because they can improve the ductility and crack control of brittle concrete. Moreover, construction projects using sugarcane can lessen environmental pollutants. Using molecular markers of the RAPD and RFLP types, the first sugarcane genetic maps were created. Currently, the creation of genetic and molecular maps mostly uses gene or genomic microsatellite molecular markers (SSRs). The recommended sugarcane fiber can serve as a starting point to generate high-value products like biofuels, biopolymers, and other useful chemicals through fermentation, biocatalysis, and chemo-catalysis. This chapter gives a broad perspective on the botanical classification and distribution, origin, domestication, and early improvements of sugarcane germplasm. It also discusses the importance and uses of sugarcane, fiber and textile properties, domestication, selection, and early improvements. Additionally, it covers current cultivation practices and challenges, bioconversion of sugarcane residues into sustainable products, and bioproducts from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The chapter also delves into topics such as artificial intelligence, breeding objectives, germplasm biodiversity and conservation, cytogenetics, traditional breeding methodologies, the role of biotechnology, molecular breeding, molecular marker-assisted breeding, genomics, bioinformatics, tissue culture applications, micropropagation, embryo rescue, synthetic seeds, genetic engineering, and gene editing.