Fuente: Agri-Waste and Microbes for Production of Sustainable Nanomaterials NanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology, the synergistic convergence of nanotechnology and biotechnologyBiotechnology, presents ground-breaking opportunities to advance environmentalSustainability sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability through the valorization of organic wasteOrganic waste into high-value platform chemicalsPlatform chemicals. This chapter critically examines the integration of nanoscale tools such as nanocatalystsNanocatalysts, nano-adsorbents, and nanostructured bioreactors, with microbialMicrobial and enzymatic processes to optimize the conversion of organic wasteOrganic waste streams into biofuelsBiofuels, bioplastics, and biochemicals. By enhancing substrate degradationDegradation efficiency, product yield, and energy recovery, these innovations address pressing global challenges in waste managementWaste management, resource scarcity, and circular economyCircular economy transitions. The chapter further explores nanobiotechnology’sNanobiotechnology dual role in environmental remediationEnvironmental remediation, emphasizing precision pollutant degradationDegradation and real-time monitoring systems enabled by nano-biosensors. These advancements align with international sustainabilitySustainability frameworks, including the European Green Deal and the United Nations Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development Goals (SDGs), by reducing ecological footprints and fostering industrialIndustrial decarbonization. While highlighting breakthroughs in scalability and process integration, the discussion critically evaluates persistent challenges such as nanomaterial toxicity, life-cycle environmental risks, and economic feasibility. It underscores the imperative for eco-designed nanomaterials, robust regulatory policies, and cross-sectoral collaboration to harmonize innovation with ecological safety. Illustrative case studies demonstrate the practical deployment of nanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology in industrialBiotechnology biotechnologyIndustrial biotechnology, showcasing its capacity to advance circularBioeconomy bioeconomiesCircular bioeconomy and achieve SDG targets. Bridging foundational research with industrialIndustrial applications, this work provides actionable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers to responsibly scale these technologies. By advocating for interdisciplinary approaches and systemic sustainabilitySustainability, the chapter positions nanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology as a cornerstone of future bioeconomiesBioeconomy, capable of transforming waste managementWaste management paradigms and accelerating global sustainabilitySustainability agendas.