Fuente: PubMed "smart farming" Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-55818-w. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThis research discusses the incorporation of IoT with blockchain technique to enhance the efficiency of smart farming systems, particularly focusing on plant disease classification, pest detection, and smart irrigation. The study aims to develop a secure and effective IoT-based smart farming framework using the Ethereum blockchain to store and transmit data, and a Hybrid Convolution Adaptive Recurrent MobileNet (HC-ARMNet) model for predictive analytics, optimized by the Improved Secretary Bird Optimization (ISBO) algorithm. The research employs IoT sensors to acquire real-time data, which is then stored in the Ethereum blockchain to ensure security. The HC-ARMNet model, combining 1D/2D convolutions with recurrent connections, processes this data for pest detection and irrigation management. The ISBO algorithm is leveraged to fine-tune the technique's parameters. Datasets used: The proposed system utilizes three standard datasets for evaluation. The PlantifyDr Dataset is used for classifying plant disease, and the Pest Detection Dataset is used for recognizing pests. Also, for the smart irrigation process, the significant field images are collected manually. The accuracy, precision, and FNR rates of the ISBO-HC-ARMNet-aided plant disease classification are 94.16%, 94.2% and 5.87%. At the same time, the ISBO-HC-ARMNet-based pest detection process's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are 93.78%, 93.79% and 93.76%, respectively. In addition, the ISBO-HC-ARMNet-based smart irrigation task's MSE is 3.21, SMAPE is 0.03, and MASE is 30.23. Thus, the designed system showcases promising performance over classical approaches in terms of accuracy and error rates for plant disease classification, pest detection, and smart irrigation. The research concludes that the IoT-aided smart farming framework with blockchain and the HC-ARMNet model provides a robust solution for secure and efficient agricultural management. The system's predictive capabilities provide accurate and timely data analysis, facilitating to the improvement of precision agriculture. Future work will focus on improving the system with advanced feature extraction strategies to reduce processing time.PMID:42288532 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-55818-w