Fuente: PubMed "pollination" J Hazard Mater. 2026 Jul 8;514:142902. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142902. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTFlumethrin (FMT), an acaricide extensively employed for the control of Varroa destructor, and hexaconazole (HEX), a triazole-class fungicide, are frequently co-occurring contaminants in beehive matrices, largely owing to their widespread use in apicultural management and crop protection practices. Despite this, their combined toxicological effects on bees remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we therefore sought to clarify the biological outcomes of co-exposure to FMT and HEX in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Our findings demonstrated that co-exposure to FMT and HEX caused a pronounced acute synergistic effect in the pollinators. In parallel, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity exhibited significant alterations across most single and combined treatment groups, suggesting the induction of oxidative stress responses. Moreover, the transcriptional expressions of four representative genes (cox17, relish, apidaecin, and ilp2) were more markedly perturbed under combined exposure conditions than under individual treatments, indicative of disruptions in energy metabolism and immune function. Collectively, these findings highlighted the substantial biochemical and molecular perturbations elicited by the joint presence of FMT and HEX, thereby advancing current understanding of the ecological risks associated with pesticide mixtures in pollinating insects. This work emphasized the toxicological significance of pesticide co-exposure in shaping bee health outcomes and provided a refined basis for mixture risk assessment in both agricultural and apicultural contexts, ultimately contributing to the protection of agroecosystem sustainability.PMID:42419241 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142902