Fecha de publicación: -- Fuente: PubMed "pollen" Environ Pollut. 2026 Sep 30:129261. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129261. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTComprehensive assessments of the spatiotemporal dynamics of pollen types dominated by herbaceous species, such as Amaranthaceae, Artemisia, Plantago, Rumex, and Urticaceae remain limited. We analysed daily airborne pollen concentrations of five herbaceous pollen types at 10 monitoring stations across the Madrid region over the period 1994-2025. Meteorological drivers, temporal trends and the influence of land use on three pollen season parameters (start of the pollen season - SOP, length of the pollen season - LOP, and the Annual Pollen Integral - APIn) were assessed using linear regressions, correlation analyses, and non-parametric statistical tests. Overall, Urticaceae showed the earliest and longest pollen season, while Plantago exhibited the greatest airborne pollen abundance. The estimated pollen season parameters varied substantially depending on the method used. Warmer preseason temperatures were generally positively associated with SOP and negatively associated with LOP. Accumulated in-season precipitation was positively associated to LOP. APIn of Plantago and Urticaceae increased along the study period. Land-use composition explained spatial variation in APIn, although pollen sources were diffuse and widespread. Temporal changes in the cover of natural grasslands, agricultural areas and patch density over time were mostly positively associated with higher APIn. Our findings highlight the importance of considering complementary methodological approaches when estimating pollen season parameters in different pollen types. Together, these findings provide new insights into the environmental and ecological drivers of herbaceous airborne pollen.PMID:42815762 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129261