Fuente: PubMed "swarm" Arch Microbiol. 2026 Feb 16;208(4):196. doi: 10.1007/s00203-025-04639-y.ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe gastroenteritis. After entering the human intestine through contaminated seafood (1.00% NaCl) V. parahaemolyticus will encounter a physiologically related dual pressure environment: low salinity and elevated bile salts (0.03%-0.30%). Although bile salts can affect V. parahaemolyticus under optimal salinity conditions (3.00% NaCl), little is known about their effects on paralysis under low salt conditions (0.90% NaCl) in the intestinal stress environment. This research uniquely simulated this intestinal niche using 0.90% NaCl-0.10% bile salts, revealing its effects on growth kinetics, motility, biofilm formation, and transcriptome responses. The main findings include: significant inhibition of growth (prolonged the lag time (LT)), decreased the maximum specific growth rate (µmax)), swimming ability, and biofilm formation; But it enhances the ability to swarming; And unique transcriptome reprogramming. In addition, transcriptome sequencing revealed that swarming related genes, biofilm related genes, and T3SS virulence genes were significantly down regulated, while iron metabolism and swimming related genes were significantly up-regulated. It is crucial that KEGG enrichment indicates that the ribosomal pathway may be the central regulatory hub for observed biofilm and motility inhibition. This research provides the first comprehensive analysis of the effects of bile salts on intestinal related low salinity, providing important insights into the intestinal adaptation and pathogenic mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus.PMID:41697394 | DOI:10.1007/s00203-025-04639-y