Fuente: PubMed "swarm" Sci Rep. 2026 May 31. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53389-4. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPartial shading conditions (PSC) greatly reduce the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems by adding many local maxima to the PV characteristics. This makes it very hard for traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods to work. To solve this problem, this research presents a comparative analysis of five hybrid MPPT algorithms: PO-Fuzzy, PSO-PO, GWO-Fuzzy, PSO-Fuzzy, and GWO-PSO, executed with a SEPIC converter functioning at 10 kHz with a 250 W PV module. We use MATLAB/Simulink to test how well these methods work in different partial shading situations. It examines the important elements, including PV voltage, PV power, output voltage, and output power. The results indicate that whereas PSO-PO and GWO-PSO enable faster initial convergence, the GWO-Fuzzy method achieves superior tracking accuracy, reduced steady-state oscillations, and reliable voltage control. The proposed GWO-Fuzzy approach ensures effective and reliable tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP) with variations in sunlight intensity.PMID:42218179 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-53389-4