Fuente: PubMed "bee" Mol Biotechnol. 2026 Jan 5. doi: 10.1007/s12033-025-01543-0. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThis study investigated the antiviral effect of bee venom (BV) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) obtained from Chrysomya albiceps maggots as natural mixture in vitro against herpes simplex viruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 using TCID50 assay. Also, investigation of molecular interactions of chitosan nanoparticles and BV proteins (Melittin and phospholipase A2) with viral enzymes using docking simulations was done. CNPs were prepared successfully in nanoscale (< 100 nm) and DDA of 85%. The mixture reduced the titers of HSV-1 and HSV-2 with 26.47% and 26.74%, respectively. In molecular docking simulations, CNPs exhibited strong binding affinity (- 9.9906 kcal/mol) to the Protease enzyme (2wpo), outperforming the co-crystallized ligand (- 8.1957 kcal/mol), aligning with in vitro results. Notably, CNPs did not bind to Thymidine kinase (2uz3), prompting further docking of BV proteins, which showed exceptional binding energies (- 14.9780 kcal/mol for melittin; - 16.9570 kcal/mol for phospholipase A2 with 2uz3, while failing to bind effectively to 2wpo. These findings strongly support a synergistic antiviral mechanism, where CNPs target Protease, while BV proteins inhibit Thymidine kinase, collectively enhancing antiviral efficacy against HSV-1 and HSV-2.PMID:41491451 | DOI:10.1007/s12033-025-01543-0