Fecha de publicación: -- Fuente: PubMed "plant biotechnology" Discov Nano. 2026 Nov 9;21(1):609. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-05100-9.ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts offers a sustainable approach; however, achieving control over size, morphology, and stability remains challenging. This study introduces a pre-synthesis bio-engineering strategy using in vitro-grown Salvia spinosa L. to tailor AgNPs properties via calcium chloride (CaCl₂) modulation in the growth medium.METHODS: Three CaCl₂ treatments were assessed: 220 mg/L (Treatment 1), 440 mg/L (Treatment 2, standard MS), and 880 mg/L (Treatment 3). Biosynthesis was monitored via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against E. coli, B. subtilis, and B. vallismortis.RESULTS: UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band at ~ 450 nm for Treatments 1 and 2, with no statistically significant difference between their biosynthesis rates (p > 0.05), both being significantly higher than Treatment 3. XRD revealed face-centered cubic (FCC) metallic silver crystals (34.9 nm for Treatment 1; 23.5 nm for Treatment 2), while Treatment 3 yielded AgCl predominantly, with no SPR peak. FESEM showed Treatment 1 produced spherical, triangular, and oval morphologies, whereas Treatment 2 yielded uniform spheres. FTIR and DLS analyses suggested the presence of a phytochemical capping layer and reversible aggregation in Treatment 2, which may be favorable for sustained Ag⁺ release. ANOVA detected no statistically significant difference in antibacterial efficacy between Treatments 1 and 2 (p > 0.05), both being superior to Treatment 3.CONCLUSIONS: Modulating CaCl₂ provides a tunable platform for partially engineering AgNPs with pre-defined morphologies and sizes. This green strategy enables the production of AgNPs populations with differing properties that could be further explored for biomedical applications, opening avenues for plant-derived nanomedicines.PMID:43002313 | DOI:10.1186/s11671-026-05100-9